Q. Explain characteristics of research? Explain Post Facto research and Motivation in research (DEC 18/ MAY 19) (10 Marks)
Ans -
Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information collected based on questions asked. For a process to be called research, it is essential that it has certain characteristics. The research process must have certain characteristics, which are as follows:
Controlled
It can be stated that one must set his study in such a way that minimizes the probability of other factors affecting the relationship.
Rigorous
It is necessary to ensure that the procedures used to find the answers to the questions are relevant, justified & appropriate. The degree of rigor varies from situation to situation.
Systematic
The procedure adopted to take an investigation should follow a certain logical sequence. Interdependence of steps involved in the procedure must be addressed properly.
Valid & verifiable
Whatever you conclude on the basis of your findings should be valid and it should be verifiable by you and others.
Empirical
Any conclusion drawn should be based on the data gathered from information based on experience or observations.
Critical
The process of investigation must be error proof and free from any drawbacks. The adopted process and the used procedures must able to withstand any critical scrutiny.
Ex Post Facto Research Design
An ex post facto research design is a method in which groups with qualities that already exist are compared on some dependent variable. Also known as "after the fact" research, an ex post facto design is considered quasi-experimental because the subjects are not randomly assigned - they are grouped based on a particular characteristic or trait.
Although differing groups are analyzed and compared in regards to independent and dependent variables it is not a true experiment because it lacks random assignment. The assignment of subjects to different groups is based on whichever variable is of interest to the researchers.
For example, a researcher is interested in how weight influences self-esteem levels in adults. So the participants would be separated into differing groups (underweight, normal weight, overweight) and their self esteem levels measured. This is an ex post facto design because a pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form the groups.
Ans -
Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information collected based on questions asked. For a process to be called research, it is essential that it has certain characteristics. The research process must have certain characteristics, which are as follows:
Controlled
It can be stated that one must set his study in such a way that minimizes the probability of other factors affecting the relationship.
Rigorous
It is necessary to ensure that the procedures used to find the answers to the questions are relevant, justified & appropriate. The degree of rigor varies from situation to situation.
Systematic
The procedure adopted to take an investigation should follow a certain logical sequence. Interdependence of steps involved in the procedure must be addressed properly.
Valid & verifiable
Whatever you conclude on the basis of your findings should be valid and it should be verifiable by you and others.
Empirical
Any conclusion drawn should be based on the data gathered from information based on experience or observations.
Critical
The process of investigation must be error proof and free from any drawbacks. The adopted process and the used procedures must able to withstand any critical scrutiny.
Ex Post Facto Research Design
An ex post facto research design is a method in which groups with qualities that already exist are compared on some dependent variable. Also known as "after the fact" research, an ex post facto design is considered quasi-experimental because the subjects are not randomly assigned - they are grouped based on a particular characteristic or trait.
Although differing groups are analyzed and compared in regards to independent and dependent variables it is not a true experiment because it lacks random assignment. The assignment of subjects to different groups is based on whichever variable is of interest to the researchers.
For example, a researcher is interested in how weight influences self-esteem levels in adults. So the participants would be separated into differing groups (underweight, normal weight, overweight) and their self esteem levels measured. This is an ex post facto design because a pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form the groups.
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